Taxes, yes.
Insurance,401(k) contributions, etc.--if the employee is participating in the program, yes.
If the employee is a union member, the union contract may make certain deductions required.
Otherwise, typically not. It might be possible that if the employee handbook or other terms/conditions of employment call for certain deductions and those deductions are well known to employees, that a case could be made that by working there, the employee consents to them.

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