Back wages due and bankruptcy

As long as the bankruptcy court has your wage claim officially on record, and you keep your contact information with the court up to date, you should get your money, eventually.

For people or businesses not in bankruptcy, who gets paid first often depends on who gets to the courthouse first, or the whims or needs of the debtor.  One of the things that a bankruptcy does, is set the priority of each debt to all the others, and then payment, to the extent possible, gets made through the trustee, in an impartial manner.  The rules of those priorities work in your favor, because the only debts ahead of employee wages, in the "line", are to the tax people.