After you are arrested and post bond how long do they have to indict you?

That depends on the charge.  If it's a felony, the basic statute of limitations is six years;  it's two years for a misdemeanor unless it's classed as a minor misdemeanor, which is six months.  Usually, indictments only are issued for felonies.

That's the simple part.  There are quite a number of detailed, special provisions for specific crimes, some of which have 20-year limitations and a couple that have no limitation of actions at all.  You also need to know that the time does not run, doesn't count against the limitation, while you're out of the state.